一. 本課要點及範例

在這一課裡, 我們要學習以 that, which和 who關係代名詞開頭的子句. 這種短句在整個句子裡有修飾的功用.

首先我們還是看一段對話, 內容是說彼得和瑪麗快要畢業了, 兩個人見面談起畢業典禮的事情:

F: Next week we graduate from high school. I can hardly wait.

M: But first there are two more examinations which I have to pass.

F: And there are three more papers that I have to write.

M: Did you get your cap and robe for the graduation ceremony?

F: Yes, but the robe which they gave me is too long. The person who gave it to me told me to take it back.

M: The one that they gave me is too short. Maybe we should trade.

在剛才那段對話裡有些句子包含了用 that, which 和 who 開頭的短句, 現在我們再把這些句子挑出來整理一遍.

M: There are two more examinations which I have to pass.

F: There are three more papers that I have to write.

F: The robe which they gave me is too long.

F: The person who gave it to me told me to take it back.

M: The one that they gave me is too short.

二.THAT

看了剛才那段對話, 你可能已經注意到用一個短句來修飾一個詞(先行詞)的時候, 它的位置是在那個詞的後面, 比如: "穿著長禮服戴著方帽子的學生," 英文應該這樣

說: the students that wear long robes and caps with square tops

The students --- 先行詞      that --- 關係代名詞

現在我們來練習這類句子, 每個句子都跟彼得和瑪麗快要畢業有關係. 現在請你注意以下句子.

M: There are two more examinations that Peter has to pass.

M: There are three more papers that Mary has to write.

M: Most students that graduate this year will attend the graduation ceremony.

M: The students that wear long robes and caps with square tops are graduating.

三.WHICH

剛才那些句子裡用來修飾的短句都是用that開頭的, that可以用來指人或是東西. 但是在專門指東西或事情的時候可以用which代替. The robe that they gave Mary is too long. 這句話也可以這樣說: The robe which they gave Mary is too long.

下面我們作一組練習, 學學這種句子, 練習的作法是由我們用 "什麼" what 提出一個問句, 比方 "什麼是文憑? “What is a diploma?” 然後唸一個用 which 開頭的短句修飾的詞, 比如 "高中畢業生得到的文件" the paper which a high school graduate receives, 所以剛才那個問題的答案就是: "文憑是高中畢業生得到的." A diploma is the paper which a high school graduate receives. 在這組練習裡, 你可以學習到怎麼用英文來解釋什麼是 "學位" degree, 什麼是 "畢業舞會" prom, p-r-o-m, prom 等等. 現在請你注意看以下問題, 並且回答.

M: What is a graduation robe?

M: the robe which the graduates wear

F: A graduation robe is the robe which the graduates wear.

M: What is a graduation ceremony?

M: a ceremony which the graduates attend

F: A graduation ceremony is a ceremony which the graduates attend.

M: What is a diploma?

M: the paper which a high school graduate receives

F: A diploma is the paper which a high school graduate receives.

M: What is a degree?

M: the paper which a university or college graduate receives

F: A degree is the paper which a university or college graduate receives.

M: What is a prom?

M: the dance which the graduates go to

F: A prom is the dance which the graduates go to.

四.WHO

下面我們來學習用who作剛才那種短句, 比如有一句話: "老師就是教書的人" A teacher is a person who teaches. 在這句話裡, who指的就是 "人" person.

下面我們來做一組練習,首先我們提出一個疑問句. 比如: "誰將在典禮上致辭? " Who will give a speech at the ceremony? 接著唸出一個用who開頭的短句修飾的詞. 比如: "參加畢業典禮的官員們" The officials who attend the graduation ceremony. 所以剛才那個問題的答案就是: "參加畢業典禮的官員們將在典禮上致辭. "The officials who attend the graduation ceremony will give a speech at the ceremony. 現在請你注意看以下問題, 並且回答.

M: Who will wear long robes and caps with square tops?

M: the students who graduate

F: The students who graduate will wear long robes and caps with square tops.

M: Who will attend the graduation ceremony?

M: the students who graduate

F: The students who graduate will attend the graduation ceremony.

M: Who will receive a diploma?

M: the students who graduate from high schools

F: The students who graduate from high schools will receive a diploma.

M: Who will receive a degree?

M: the students who graduate from universities or colleges

F: The students who graduate from universities or colleges will receive a degree.

M: Who will make a speech at the ceremony?

M: the graduate who has the best record in school

F: The graduate who has the best record in school will make a speech at the ceremony.

五.子句修飾受詞

現在我們再來學習用短句. 在剛才做的幾組練習裡用的短句都是用來修飾主詞的. 下面我們要用這種短句來修飾受詞. 比如有一句話: "父母和朋友向畢業的學生祝賀. "Parents and friends congratulated the students who graduated. 在這句話裡, 短句 who graduated 修飾句子裡的受詞 the students.

下面我們來做一組練習把兩句簡單的話合併成用短句修飾受詞的句子. 練習的作法是這樣的: 我們先唸一個句子 "彼得跟學生閒談" Peter chatted with the students, 接著又唸第二個句子 "典禮中坐在他附近的學生" The students sat near him at the ceremony.請用who把第二個句子改為短句, 用來修飾第一句話裡的 "學生", 所以答案就是 Peter chatted with the students who sat near him at the ceremony. 現在我們開始做練習.

M: Peter talked to the student.

M: The student gave a speech at the graduation ceremony.

F: Peter talked to the student who gave a speech at the graduation ceremony.

M: Peter chatted with the students.

M: The students sat near him at the ceremony.

F: Peter chatted with the students who sat near him at the ceremony.

M: Parents and friends congratulated the students.

M: The students graduated.

F: Parents and friends congratulated the students who graduated.

M: Students met their friends and relatives.

M: Their friends and relatives came to the graduation ceremony.

F: Students met their friends and relatives who came to the graduation ceremony.

M: The graduates took pictures of their friends.

M: Their friends were in the same classes.

F: The graduates took pictures of their friends who were in the same classes.

下面我們用同樣的方式練習怎麼用以which開頭的短句來形容一個句子的受詞, 比如說: "學生聽演講" Students listened to the speech. 接著又說:

"校長在典禮中演講" The principal gave a speech at the ceremony. 你就把第二句話改成短句來修飾第一句話裏的受詞" 演講", 所以正確答案就是 Students listened to the speech which the principal gave at the ceremony. 好, 現在我們開始做練習.

M: Mary didn't like the robe.

M: She got the robe for the graduation ceremony.

F: Mary didn't like the robe which she got for the graduation ceremony.

M: Mary wore the robe.

M: She traded the robe with Peter.

F: Mary wore the robe which she traded with Peter.

M: Students listened to the speech.

M: The principal gave a speech at the ceremony.

F: Students listened to the speech which the principal gave at the ceremony.

M: Students were very happy to receive the diplomas.

M: They earned the diplomas.

F: Students were very happy to receive the diplomas which they earned.

M: Students showed each other the pictures.

M: They took the pictures.

F: Students showed each other the pictures which they took.

M: Students danced to the music.

M: The band played music at the prom.

F: Students danced to the music which the band played at the prom.

六.看短文回答問題

今天我們要看的文章是談到美國中學和大學的畢業典禮. 文章裡許多句子都是我們剛才練習過的, 比如哪些學生可以畢業, 在典禮上誰致辭, 典禮之後舉行畢業舞會, 畢業典禮是令人回味的活動等等.

現在請注意看以下文章.

In American high schools and colleges, the last day of the school year is graduation day.

The students who finish their last year in the school will graduate.

The graduation ceremony is often in the school gymnasium. The people who come to watch the graduation are teachers, parents and friends of the graduates. Those students who will graduate will wear long robes and caps with square tops. The graduate who has the best record in school will make a speech. The school principal and other officials will also make speeches. Then each graduate will receive a piece of paper which has his name and the name of the school. The paper which the students receive in high school is a diploma. The paper which the students receive in college is a degree.

After the ceremony, students often chat with their teachers, friends and relatives who come to congratulate them. They take pictures of each other. They will show each other these pictures a few nights later at the graduation prom. Graduation is a memorable event.

剛才那段文章你看懂了嗎? 現在我們先來看今天測驗的三個問題.

第一個問題是:

M: Who attends the graduation ceremony?

第二個問題是:

M: What do graduates do at the ceremony?

第三個問題是:

M: What do students often do after the ceremony?

現在請回答今天測驗的三個問題, 回答之後請核對正確答案.

第一個問題是:

M: Who attends the graduation ceremony?

F: The school principal, officials, the graduates, their teachers, parents and friends attend the graduation ceremony.

第二個問題是:

M: What do graduates do at the ceremony?

F: They listen to speeches, and they receive diplomas or degrees.

第三個問題是:

M: What do students often do after the ceremony?

F: They chat with their teachers, friends and relatives. They also take pictures of each other.

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